The decarbonization of Canada’s railway sector is a pivotal step toward achieving national greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. This study provides a comparative techno-economic analysis of battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technologies for freight and passenger rail operations across Canadian regions. Using real-world case data and simulation models, we assess energy requirements, emissions reduction potential, lifecycle costs, and operational feasibility.

Results show that battery-electric locomotives consume approximately 7.5–9.0 kWh per kilometer, offering energy efficiency levels up to 85%, and are economically viable for routes under 300 km in length, especially in urban and semi-urban corridors. In contrast, hydrogen fuel cell locomotives require 1.2–1.4 kg of hydrogen per kilometer, with an overall energy efficiency of 45–55%, and are better suited for long-distance routes exceeding 500 km, particularly in non-electrified or remote areas.

From a cost perspective, battery-electric systems show lower operating costs, though initial infrastructure investments for battery charging can reach $1.2–2.0 million per station. Hydrogen systems require significant capital for electrolyzer deployment and storage, with costs estimated at $2.5–3.5 million per fueling station. Despite higher capital costs, hydrogen enables longer range and faster refueling times, making it advantageous for high-capacity, long-haul applications.

The study concludes that a hybrid adoption strategy – deploying battery-electric systems in dense corridors and hydrogen fuel cells in remote or long-haul routes – could reduce railway GHG emissions by up to 75–90% by 2050, supporting Canada’s commitment to net-zero transportation.

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